Russia is a country in Eastern Europe. Its capital is Moscow.
Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Moscow; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapRussia extends across northern Europe and Asia, containing enormous plains, mountain systems and river basins. Forest and tundra occupy vast northern areas, while steppe and other drier landscapes occur farther south. Its scale makes a single typical landscape misleading.
Lake Baikal lies in a deep tectonic basin in Siberia. Kamchatka, far to the east, contains active volcanoes and rugged coasts. These regions differ greatly from the low plains of European Russia and western Siberia.
Russia spans temperate, continental, subarctic and Arctic climates. Siberian winters can be extremely cold, while southern regions and the Black Sea coast are much milder.
Climate varies with latitude, elevation and distance from the sea. Many interior regions have very cold winters and large seasonal temperature ranges. Permafrost, forest and wetland systems are important parts of northern environments.
Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · UN General Assembly · Ukraine’s territorial integrity
Rocky shores around Olkhon Island meet the lake’s deep waters.
Photo: © Vyacheslav Argenberg · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons
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Volcanic terrain near Tolbachik shows a contrasting landscape in Russia’s far east.
Russian is the official language across the federation. Republics within Russia can also establish their own state languages.
Tatar, Bashkir, Chechen, Chuvash, Sakha, Buryat and many other languages are spoken. They belong to several language families. The balance between Russian and regional languages varies considerably.
Russia expanded from a medieval principality into an empire spanning Europe and Asia. The 1917 revolutions ended the monarchy and led to Soviet rule. The Russian Federation emerged as a separate successor state when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · UN General Assembly · Ukraine’s territorial integrity
Oil, natural gas, metals and other natural resources are important exports. Manufacturing, agriculture and services also contribute. War-related expenditure, sanctions and changes in trading relationships affect economic activity and investment.
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scie
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · UN General Assembly · Ukraine’s territorial integrity
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 130,404,000 | 130.404 |
| 1980 | 139,010,000 | 139.010 |
| 1990 | 147,969,406 | 147.969 |
| 2000 | 146,596,869 | 146.597 |
| 2010 | 142,849,468 | 142.849 |
| 2020 | 145,245,148 | 145.245 |
| 2025 | 143,513,328 | 143.513 |
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Trillions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,161,488,648,472 | 1.161 |
| 1991 | 1,102,869,019,648 | 1.103 |
| 1992 | 942,610,308,784 | 0.943 |
| 1993 | 860,899,753,894 | 0.861 |
| 1994 | 752,686,755,595 | 0.753 |
| 1995 | 721,498,966,074 | 0.721 |
| 1996 | 694,406,178,901 | 0.694 |
| 1997 | 704,127,280,753 | 0.704 |
| 1998 | 666,808,805,070 | 0.667 |
| 1999 | 709,483,999,750 | 0.709 |
| 2000 | 780,432,873,757 | 0.780 |
| 2001 | 820,235,350,101 | 0.820 |
| 2002 | 858,786,345,192 | 0.859 |
| 2003 | 921,477,339,138 | 0.921 |
| 2004 | 987,823,227,186 | 0.988 |
| 2005 | 1,051,043,572,413 | 1.051 |
| 2006 | 1,137,229,862,736 | 1.137 |
| 2007 | 1,233,894,148,253 | 1.234 |
| 2008 | 1,298,056,264,713 | 1.298 |
| 2009 | 1,196,807,955,082 | 1.197 |
| 2010 | 1,250,664,313,051 | 1.251 |
| 2011 | 1,304,443,243,532 | 1.304 |
| 2012 | 1,356,935,163,523 | 1.357 |
| 2013 | 1,380,755,103,933 | 1.381 |
| 2014 | 1,390,921,151,171 | 1.391 |
| 2015 | 1,363,482,182,198 | 1.363 |
| 2016 | 1,366,122,853,557 | 1.366 |
| 2017 | 1,391,077,891,792 | 1.391 |
| 2018 | 1,430,116,278,514 | 1.430 |
| 2019 | 1,461,551,317,112 | 1.462 |
| 2020 | 1,422,766,794,860 | 1.423 |
| 2021 | 1,506,233,291,829 | 1.506 |
| 2022 | 1,484,613,261,468 | 1.485 |
| 2023 | 1,544,986,751,583 | 1.545 |
| 2024 | 1,621,026,050,317 | 1.621 |
| 2025 | 1,637,255,383,315 | 1.637 |
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Semi-presidential federation. Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye) has two chambers (a bicameral legislature).
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · UN General Assembly · Ukraine’s territorial integrity
Three questions about Russia.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · UN General Assembly · Ukraine’s territorial integrity
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.
