01
Physical geography
High central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges.
Local timeAnkara ·
Asia / Western Asia · Card 046
Türkiye
Türkiye is a country in Western Asia. Its capital is Ankara.
Find Türkiye
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Ankara
- Languages
- Turkish
- Currency
- Turkish lira (TRY)
- Population
- 85.9 million2025 · World Bank
- Area
- 783,562 km²302,535 square miles
- Republic proclaimed
- 1923
Türkiye in context
Asia and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Ankara; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
02
Languages
Languages used in public life include Turkish.
03
Location
Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria.
Flag
Red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening
History & independence
The Republic of Türkiye was founded in 1923 following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish War of Independence. Reforms under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk transformed state institutions. Multiparty rule developed after the Second World War; a presidential system replaced the parliamentary system in 2018.
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Republic founded
-
First peaceful transfer under multiparty elections
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Presidential system takes effect
Economy
Main activities
Manufacturing, services, tourism, construction and agriculture contribute to a diversified economy. Vehicles, machinery, textiles and food products are important exports.
Industry and production
textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Millions of people85.92025 · millions of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 36,638,465 | 36.638 |
| 1980 | 45,408,815 | 45.409 |
| 1990 | 56,015,628 | 56.016 |
| 2000 | 65,425,961 | 65.426 |
| 2010 | 73,142,150 | 73.142 |
| 2020 | 83,384,680 | 83.385 |
| 2025 | 85,878,556 | 85.879 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Billions of constant 2015 US dollars1364.02025 · billions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 290,619,297,801 | 290.619 |
| 1991 | 292,712,567,687 | 292.713 |
| 1992 | 307,452,503,997 | 307.453 |
| 1993 | 330,976,510,466 | 330.977 |
| 1994 | 315,526,039,206 | 315.526 |
| 1995 | 340,384,022,645 | 340.384 |
| 1996 | 364,748,025,041 | 364.748 |
| 1997 | 391,585,682,739 | 391.586 |
| 1998 | 399,059,372,123 | 399.059 |
| 1999 | 386,877,005,104 | 386.877 |
| 2000 | 413,901,474,163 | 413.901 |
| 2001 | 391,304,902,374 | 391.305 |
| 2002 | 416,487,363,950 | 416.487 |
| 2003 | 440,639,854,395 | 440.640 |
| 2004 | 484,375,146,823 | 484.375 |
| 2005 | 528,509,363,516 | 528.509 |
| 2006 | 565,862,429,107 | 565.862 |
| 2007 | 594,767,729,618 | 594.768 |
| 2008 | 600,240,295,873 | 600.240 |
| 2009 | 570,932,398,858 | 570.932 |
| 2010 | 619,702,577,582 | 619.703 |
| 2011 | 687,745,688,382 | 687.746 |
| 2012 | 720,809,935,556 | 720.810 |
| 2013 | 781,994,134,596 | 781.994 |
| 2014 | 817,972,077,518 | 817.972 |
| 2015 | 865,460,050,684 | 865.460 |
| 2016 | 894,225,044,187 | 894.225 |
| 2017 | 964,205,820,086 | 964.206 |
| 2018 | 997,645,953,749 | 997.646 |
| 2019 | 1,010,631,549,473 | 1,010.632 |
| 2020 | 1,028,853,867,660 | 1,028.854 |
| 2021 | 1,150,372,769,728 | 1,150.373 |
| 2022 | 1,212,967,141,770 | 1,212.967 |
| 2023 | 1,274,162,834,490 | 1,274.163 |
| 2024 | 1,316,562,171,167 | 1,316.562 |
| 2025 | 1,364,019,302,183 | 1,364.019 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.853Very High human developmentRank 51 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
19900.598
20000.669
20100.750
20200.838
20230.853
77.2 yearsLife expectancy at birth
9.0 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
Presidential republic. Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M)) has one chamber (a unicameral legislature).
Knowledge check
Three questions about Türkiye.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
What is the name of Türkiye’s high central plateau?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.