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Physical geography
High, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert.
Local timeMexico City ·
North America / North America · Card 025
Mexico
Mexico is a country in North America. Its capital is Mexico City.
Find Mexico
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Mexico City
- Languages
- Spanish & Indigenous languages
- Currency
- Mexican peso (MXN)
- Population
- 131.9 million2025 · World Bank
- Area
- 1,964,375 km²758,449.12 square miles
- Independence
- 1821The independence struggle began in 1810.
Mexico in context
North America and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Mexico City; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
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Languages
Spanish is the most widely spoken language. Mexico also recognizes Indigenous languages as national languages; they are not a single language.
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Location
North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States.
Flag
Three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band
History & independence
Mexico’s history includes major Indigenous civilizations and three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. The independence struggle began in 1810 and succeeded in 1821. The Mexican Revolution began in 1910, and the 1917 Constitution became a foundation of the modern state.
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The independence struggle begins
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Independence from Spain is achieved
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A new constitution is adopted
Economy
Main activities
Manufacturing and services dominate a diversified economy. Vehicles, electronics and machinery connect Mexico to North American supply chains. Agriculture, energy, mining and tourism also contribute, while remittances support many households.
Industry and production
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Millions of people131.92025 · millions of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 50,814,953 | 50.815 |
| 1980 | 67,300,334 | 67.300 |
| 1990 | 82,820,170 | 82.820 |
| 2000 | 98,625,552 | 98.626 |
| 2010 | 113,623,895 | 113.624 |
| 2020 | 126,799,054 | 126.799 |
| 2025 | 131,946,900 | 131.947 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Trillions of constant 2015 US dollars1.42025 · trillions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Trillions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 665,614,206,217 | 0.666 |
| 1991 | 692,078,394,533 | 0.692 |
| 1992 | 716,775,997,856 | 0.717 |
| 1993 | 737,325,961,805 | 0.737 |
| 1994 | 769,725,007,516 | 0.770 |
| 1995 | 724,231,953,294 | 0.724 |
| 1996 | 769,266,848,268 | 0.769 |
| 1997 | 824,645,415,960 | 0.825 |
| 1998 | 875,650,385,836 | 0.876 |
| 1999 | 899,774,820,102 | 0.900 |
| 2000 | 945,027,051,110 | 0.945 |
| 2001 | 940,766,441,508 | 0.941 |
| 2002 | 938,540,700,982 | 0.939 |
| 2003 | 949,667,522,088 | 0.950 |
| 2004 | 983,527,357,533 | 0.984 |
| 2005 | 1,004,311,721,039 | 1.004 |
| 2006 | 1,052,569,034,984 | 1.053 |
| 2007 | 1,074,439,987,400 | 1.074 |
| 2008 | 1,084,575,522,257 | 1.085 |
| 2009 | 1,016,298,775,543 | 1.016 |
| 2010 | 1,066,822,388,040 | 1.067 |
| 2011 | 1,103,564,231,719 | 1.104 |
| 2012 | 1,142,776,194,746 | 1.143 |
| 2013 | 1,152,513,808,416 | 1.153 |
| 2014 | 1,181,370,028,574 | 1.181 |
| 2015 | 1,213,294,467,654 | 1.213 |
| 2016 | 1,234,800,029,897 | 1.235 |
| 2017 | 1,257,912,134,549 | 1.258 |
| 2018 | 1,282,719,194,726 | 1.283 |
| 2019 | 1,277,682,078,137 | 1.278 |
| 2020 | 1,170,944,075,330 | 1.171 |
| 2021 | 1,241,768,434,190 | 1.242 |
| 2022 | 1,287,835,026,633 | 1.288 |
| 2023 | 1,327,845,439,048 | 1.328 |
| 2024 | 1,345,779,005,032 | 1.346 |
| 2025 | 1,353,338,023,060 | 1.353 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.789High human developmentRank 81 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
19900.668
20000.712
20100.751
20200.763
20230.789
75.1 yearsLife expectancy at birth
9.3 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
A federal presidential republic. An elected President heads the executive, and Congress comprises the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. The states and Mexico City have their own institutions.
Knowledge check
Three questions about Mexico.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
What is the capital of Mexico?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.