01
Physical geography
Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains.
Local timeJakarta ·
Asia / South-Eastern Asia · Card 014
Indonesia
Indonesia is a country in South-Eastern Asia. Its capital is Jakarta; relocation to Nusantara under development.
Find Indonesia
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Jakarta; relocation to Nusantara under developmentThe legal transfer to Nusantara depends on a presidential decree. The map and clock identify Jakarta.
- Languages
- Indonesian
- Currency
- Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
- Population
- 285.7 million2025 · World Bank
- Area
- 1,904,569 km²735,358 square miles
- Independence proclaimed
- 1945Dutch transfer of sovereignty followed in 1949.
Indonesia in context
Asia and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Jakarta; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
02
Languages
Languages used in public life include Indonesian.
03
Location
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The legal transfer to Nusantara depends on a presidential decree. The map and clock identify Jakarta.
Flag
Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Constitutional Court · capital transfer, May 2026
History & independence
Indonesia proclaimed independence in 1945 after Japan’s surrender. Armed struggle and negotiation followed, and the Netherlands transferred sovereignty in 1949. The end of Suharto’s presidency in 1998 opened a period of political reform and expanded democratic institutions.
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Independence proclaimed
-
Dutch transfer of sovereignty
-
Reform era begins
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Constitutional Court · capital transfer, May 2026
Economy
Main activities
Manufacturing, services, agriculture and mining underpin the economy. Palm oil, coal, nickel, natural gas and manufactured goods are important exports across a large island nation.
Industry and production
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Constitutional Court · capital transfer, May 2026
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Millions of people285.72025 · millions of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 115,657,495 | 115.657 |
| 1980 | 148,950,540 | 148.951 |
| 1990 | 183,501,098 | 183.501 |
| 2000 | 216,077,790 | 216.078 |
| 2010 | 246,305,322 | 246.305 |
| 2020 | 274,814,866 | 274.815 |
| 2025 | 285,721,236 | 285.721 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Billions of constant 2015 US dollars1301.52025 · billions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 269,915,108,913 | 269.915 |
| 1991 | 288,571,594,912 | 288.572 |
| 1992 | 307,321,553,097 | 307.322 |
| 1993 | 327,286,415,429 | 327.286 |
| 1994 | 351,963,716,551 | 351.964 |
| 1995 | 380,895,160,094 | 380.895 |
| 1996 | 410,674,256,276 | 410.674 |
| 1997 | 429,975,448,805 | 429.975 |
| 1998 | 373,533,751,956 | 373.534 |
| 1999 | 376,488,874,893 | 376.489 |
| 2000 | 395,012,382,598 | 395.012 |
| 2001 | 409,404,526,220 | 409.405 |
| 2002 | 427,825,582,126 | 427.826 |
| 2003 | 448,277,224,149 | 448.277 |
| 2004 | 470,829,486,220 | 470.829 |
| 2005 | 497,631,790,442 | 497.632 |
| 2006 | 525,006,275,303 | 525.006 |
| 2007 | 558,318,040,162 | 558.318 |
| 2008 | 591,893,632,243 | 591.894 |
| 2009 | 619,291,626,017 | 619.292 |
| 2010 | 657,835,433,774 | 657.835 |
| 2011 | 698,422,460,479 | 698.422 |
| 2012 | 740,537,688,618 | 740.538 |
| 2013 | 781,691,320,691 | 781.691 |
| 2014 | 820,828,013,231 | 820.828 |
| 2015 | 860,854,232,686 | 860.854 |
| 2016 | 904,181,621,780 | 904.182 |
| 2017 | 950,021,694,164 | 950.022 |
| 2018 | 999,178,586,309 | 999.179 |
| 2019 | 1,049,330,233,997 | 1,049.330 |
| 2020 | 1,027,656,193,885 | 1,027.656 |
| 2021 | 1,065,709,127,397 | 1,065.709 |
| 2022 | 1,122,268,412,650 | 1,122.268 |
| 2023 | 1,178,929,850,175 | 1,178.930 |
| 2024 | 1,238,260,376,382 | 1,238.260 |
| 2025 | 1,301,511,819,008 | 1,301.512 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.728High human developmentRank 113 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
19900.531
20000.600
20100.670
20200.710
20230.728
71.1 yearsLife expectancy at birth
8.7 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
Presidential republic. The president leads the executive. The People’s Consultative Assembly comprises the House of Representatives and the Regional Representative Council, which have different legislative roles.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Constitutional Court · capital transfer, May 2026
Knowledge check
Three questions about Indonesia.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
Which currency is listed for Indonesia?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Constitutional Court · capital transfer, May 2026
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.