Luxembourg is a country in Western Europe. Its capital is Luxembourg.
Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Luxembourg; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapLuxembourg is landlocked and has higher, more wooded terrain in the north and gentler rolling country in the south. Valleys cut through the uplands, while much of the settled landscape combines farmland, forest and small towns.
Mullerthal contains distinctive sandstone cliffs, narrow passages and wooded ravines. The Moselle valley along the eastern edge has a different river landscape, with slopes used for vineyards. These contrasts occur within a very small national area.
Atlantic and continental influences combine in a temperate climate. Summers are generally moderate, and winters are cooler, especially in the northern uplands.
Rivers provide corridors through the hills, and local geology shapes both valley form and soils. A temperate climate supports woodland and agriculture. Settlement and farming are closely interwoven with remaining natural habitats.
Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue
Sandstone rock and beech forest characterize this eastern landscape.
Photo: Benowitsch · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons
Cultivated slopes near Machtum rise above the river, seen from the opposite bank.
Luxembourgish is the national language. Luxembourgish, French and German have administrative and judicial roles, while legislation is written in French.
Portuguese is also widely spoken, alongside English, Italian and other community languages. It is common for language choice to change between home, work, school and public administration.
Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815. The 1839 settlement divided the territory and established the basis of its modern borders. Its personal union with the Netherlands ended in 1890, and it later became a founding participant in European integration.
Financial services, business services and international institutions are central to the economy. Steel has historical importance, while logistics and technology also contribute. Many workers commute across neighboring borders.
banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
| Year | People | Thousands of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 339,171 | 339.171 |
| 1980 | 364,150 | 364.150 |
| 1990 | 381,850 | 381.850 |
| 2000 | 436,300 | 436.300 |
| 2010 | 506,953 | 506.953 |
| 2020 | 630,419 | 630.419 |
| 2025 | 686,970 | 686.970 |
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 25,213,802,874 | 25.214 |
| 1991 | 27,393,332,165 | 27.393 |
| 1992 | 27,891,796,250 | 27.892 |
| 1993 | 29,063,431,793 | 29.063 |
| 1994 | 30,173,922,687 | 30.174 |
| 1995 | 30,606,073,681 | 30.606 |
| 1996 | 31,033,969,944 | 31.034 |
| 1997 | 32,715,926,226 | 32.716 |
| 1998 | 34,899,450,950 | 34.899 |
| 1999 | 37,752,878,141 | 37.753 |
| 2000 | 40,372,208,710 | 40.372 |
| 2001 | 41,613,361,510 | 41.613 |
| 2002 | 42,955,512,461 | 42.956 |
| 2003 | 44,080,624,813 | 44.081 |
| 2004 | 45,945,534,515 | 45.946 |
| 2005 | 47,086,134,704 | 47.086 |
| 2006 | 49,919,131,985 | 49.919 |
| 2007 | 53,961,843,362 | 53.962 |
| 2008 | 53,798,731,288 | 53.799 |
| 2009 | 52,056,215,835 | 52.056 |
| 2010 | 54,013,740,787 | 54.014 |
| 2011 | 54,577,798,724 | 54.578 |
| 2012 | 55,478,174,860 | 55.478 |
| 2013 | 57,237,767,887 | 57.238 |
| 2014 | 58,739,165,126 | 58.739 |
| 2015 | 60,071,584,216 | 60.072 |
| 2016 | 63,062,062,098 | 63.062 |
| 2017 | 63,892,664,766 | 63.893 |
| 2018 | 64,922,166,578 | 64.922 |
| 2019 | 66,707,085,285 | 66.707 |
| 2020 | 66,366,844,707 | 66.367 |
| 2021 | 70,965,889,652 | 70.966 |
| 2022 | 70,187,101,063 | 70.187 |
| 2023 | 70,256,893,052 | 70.257 |
| 2024 | 70,508,844,110 | 70.509 |
| 2025 | 70,958,604,647 | 70.959 |
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Constitutional monarchy. Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés) has one chamber (a unicameral legislature).
Three questions about Luxembourg.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.
