01
Physical geography
Mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest.
Local timeDushanbe ·
Asia / Central Asia · Card 043
Tajikistan
Tajikistan is a country in Central Asia. Its capital is Dushanbe.
Find Tajikistan
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Dushanbe
- Languages
- Tajik; Russian for interethnic communication
- Currency
- Tajikistani somoni (TJS)
- Population
- 10.8 million2025 · World Bank
- Area
- 143,100 km²55,251 square miles
- Independence
- 1991from the Soviet Union
Tajikistan in context
Asia and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Dushanbe; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
02
Languages
Tajik is the state language. Russian is constitutionally recognized for interethnic communication; other community languages are also spoken.
03
Location
Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan.
Flag
Three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown under seven five-pointed gold stars is in the center of the white stripe
History & independence
Tajikistan became a separate Soviet republic in 1929 and gained independence in 1991. Civil war followed from 1992 to 1997. A peace agreement in 1997 ended the main conflict and shaped subsequent political development.
-
Separate Soviet republic established
-
Independence
-
Peace agreement ends the civil war
Economy
Main activities
Agriculture, aluminium, mining, hydropower and remittances are important. Mountainous geography and reliance on workers’ earnings abroad affect economic opportunities and vulnerability.
Industry and production
aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Millions of people10.82025 · millions of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 2,936,779 | 2.937 |
| 1980 | 3,995,256 | 3.995 |
| 1990 | 5,398,768 | 5.399 |
| 2000 | 6,284,735 | 6.285 |
| 2010 | 7,652,141 | 7.652 |
| 2020 | 9,749,310 | 9.749 |
| 2025 | 10,786,734 | 10.787 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Billions of constant 2015 US dollars17.22025 · billions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 7,088,296,320 | 7.088 |
| 1991 | 6,585,027,346 | 6.585 |
| 1992 | 4,675,369,346 | 4.675 |
| 1993 | 3,908,608,781 | 3.909 |
| 1994 | 3,076,075,188 | 3.076 |
| 1995 | 2,694,139,780 | 2.694 |
| 1996 | 2,244,218,479 | 2.244 |
| 1997 | 2,281,936,479 | 2.282 |
| 1998 | 2,403,172,744 | 2.403 |
| 1999 | 2,492,079,339 | 2.492 |
| 2000 | 2,699,528,109 | 2.700 |
| 2001 | 2,958,165,475 | 2.958 |
| 2002 | 3,277,647,458 | 3.278 |
| 2003 | 3,638,188,648 | 3.638 |
| 2004 | 4,012,922,040 | 4.013 |
| 2005 | 4,281,787,757 | 4.282 |
| 2006 | 4,581,513,037 | 4.582 |
| 2007 | 4,938,871,060 | 4.939 |
| 2008 | 5,329,041,788 | 5.329 |
| 2009 | 5,536,874,479 | 5.537 |
| 2010 | 5,896,771,270 | 5.897 |
| 2011 | 6,333,132,379 | 6.333 |
| 2012 | 6,808,117,273 | 6.808 |
| 2013 | 7,311,917,934 | 7.312 |
| 2014 | 7,801,816,486 | 7.802 |
| 2015 | 8,271,431,485 | 8.271 |
| 2016 | 8,842,160,258 | 8.842 |
| 2017 | 9,469,953,673 | 9.470 |
| 2018 | 10,189,670,047 | 10.190 |
| 2019 | 10,943,705,647 | 10.944 |
| 2020 | 11,425,228,817 | 11.425 |
| 2021 | 12,499,200,275 | 12.499 |
| 2022 | 13,499,136,339 | 13.499 |
| 2023 | 14,619,564,550 | 14.620 |
| 2024 | 15,847,607,944 | 15.848 |
| 2025 | 17,178,807,096 | 17.179 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.691Medium human developmentRank 128 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
20000.554
20100.639
20200.664
20230.691
71.8 yearsLife expectancy at birth
11.3 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
Presidential republic. Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli) has two chambers (a bicameral legislature).
Knowledge check
Three questions about Tajikistan.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
Which currency is listed for Tajikistan?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.