Tajikistan is a country in Central Asia. Its capital is Dushanbe.
Asia and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Dushanbe; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapTajikistan is landlocked and overwhelmingly mountainous. The Pamir and other ranges contain high peaks, plateaus and deeply cut valleys. More accessible lower valleys hold much of the cultivated land and settlement.
Mountain lakes such as Iskanderkul show one part of this landscape, while eastern Pamir areas are colder, higher and more sparsely vegetated. Roads often follow narrow valleys or cross high passes, making terrain a major influence on travel.
Mountain elevation strongly influences the continental climate. Lower valleys can have hot summers, while high parts of the Pamirs remain much colder and drier.
Snow and glaciers contribute water to river systems that flow beyond Tajikistan. Irrigation in lower areas depends partly on these upland supplies. Elevation and exposure create strong local differences in climate and growing conditions.
Three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown under seven five-pointed gold stars is in the center of the white stripe
An aerial view reveals the high ranges of eastern Tajikistan.
The lake and surrounding Fann Mountains show another part of the country’s mountain landscape.
Photo: Adam Harangozó · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons
Tajik is the state language. The constitution identifies Russian as a language of communication between nationalities.
Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Pamiri languages and Yaghnobi are also spoken. Tajik is closely related to Persian but is generally written in Cyrillic in Tajikistan. Pamiri languages form a distinct group within the Iranian language family.
Tajikistan became a separate Soviet republic in 1929 and gained independence in 1991. Civil war followed from 1992 to 1997. A peace agreement in 1997 ended the main conflict and shaped subsequent political development.
Agriculture, aluminium, mining, hydropower and remittances are important. Mountainous geography and reliance on workers’ earnings abroad affect economic opportunities and vulnerability.
aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 2,936,779 | 2.937 |
| 1980 | 3,995,256 | 3.995 |
| 1990 | 5,398,768 | 5.399 |
| 2000 | 6,284,735 | 6.285 |
| 2010 | 7,652,141 | 7.652 |
| 2020 | 9,749,310 | 9.749 |
| 2025 | 10,786,734 | 10.787 |
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 7,088,296,320 | 7.088 |
| 1991 | 6,585,027,346 | 6.585 |
| 1992 | 4,675,369,346 | 4.675 |
| 1993 | 3,908,608,781 | 3.909 |
| 1994 | 3,076,075,188 | 3.076 |
| 1995 | 2,694,139,780 | 2.694 |
| 1996 | 2,244,218,479 | 2.244 |
| 1997 | 2,281,936,479 | 2.282 |
| 1998 | 2,403,172,744 | 2.403 |
| 1999 | 2,492,079,339 | 2.492 |
| 2000 | 2,699,528,109 | 2.700 |
| 2001 | 2,958,165,475 | 2.958 |
| 2002 | 3,277,647,458 | 3.278 |
| 2003 | 3,638,188,648 | 3.638 |
| 2004 | 4,012,922,040 | 4.013 |
| 2005 | 4,281,787,757 | 4.282 |
| 2006 | 4,581,513,037 | 4.582 |
| 2007 | 4,938,871,060 | 4.939 |
| 2008 | 5,329,041,788 | 5.329 |
| 2009 | 5,536,874,479 | 5.537 |
| 2010 | 5,896,771,270 | 5.897 |
| 2011 | 6,333,132,379 | 6.333 |
| 2012 | 6,808,117,273 | 6.808 |
| 2013 | 7,311,917,934 | 7.312 |
| 2014 | 7,801,816,486 | 7.802 |
| 2015 | 8,271,431,485 | 8.271 |
| 2016 | 8,842,160,258 | 8.842 |
| 2017 | 9,469,953,673 | 9.470 |
| 2018 | 10,189,670,047 | 10.190 |
| 2019 | 10,943,705,647 | 10.944 |
| 2020 | 11,425,228,817 | 11.425 |
| 2021 | 12,499,200,275 | 12.499 |
| 2022 | 13,499,136,339 | 13.499 |
| 2023 | 14,619,564,550 | 14.620 |
| 2024 | 15,847,607,944 | 15.848 |
| 2025 | 17,178,807,096 | 17.179 |
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Presidential republic. Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli) has two chambers (a bicameral legislature).
Three questions about Tajikistan.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.
