01
Physical geography
Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands.
Local timeRome ·
Europe / Southern Europe · Card 025
Italy
Italy is a country in Southern Europe. Its capital is Rome.
Find Italy
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Rome
- Languages
- Italian
- Currency
- Euro (EUR)
- Population
- 58.9 million2025 · World Bank
- Area
- 301,336 km²116,346.43 square miles
- Unification
- 1861Republic established in 1946.
Italy in context
Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Rome; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
02
Languages
Languages used in public life include Italian.
03
Location
Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia.
Flag
Three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red
History & status
Italy became a unified kingdom in 1861 after a series of political campaigns and wars known as the Risorgimento. Rome joined the kingdom in 1870. Following fascist rule and the Second World War, a referendum established a republic in 1946.
-
The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed
-
A referendum establishes the republic
-
Italy signs the Treaty of Rome
Economy
Main activities
Manufacturing, tourism and services are major activities. Machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, fashion and food products are important exports. Regional differences in income and employment are substantial.
Industry and production
tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Millions of people58.92025 · millions of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 53,821,850 | 53.822 |
| 1980 | 56,433,883 | 56.434 |
| 1990 | 56,719,240 | 56.719 |
| 2000 | 56,942,108 | 56.942 |
| 2010 | 59,819,407 | 59.819 |
| 2020 | 59,438,851 | 59.439 |
| 2025 | 58,915,656 | 58.916 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Trillions of constant 2015 US dollars2.02025 · trillions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Trillions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,566,879,170,826 | 1.567 |
| 1991 | 1,590,984,785,700 | 1.591 |
| 1992 | 1,604,257,980,661 | 1.604 |
| 1993 | 1,590,576,776,648 | 1.591 |
| 1994 | 1,624,790,459,615 | 1.625 |
| 1995 | 1,671,695,507,214 | 1.672 |
| 1996 | 1,694,189,587,392 | 1.694 |
| 1997 | 1,726,814,955,887 | 1.727 |
| 1998 | 1,757,973,143,578 | 1.758 |
| 1999 | 1,787,471,784,896 | 1.787 |
| 2000 | 1,856,863,206,513 | 1.857 |
| 2001 | 1,894,119,928,193 | 1.894 |
| 2002 | 1,899,232,719,747 | 1.899 |
| 2003 | 1,900,496,731,462 | 1.900 |
| 2004 | 1,928,510,465,814 | 1.929 |
| 2005 | 1,943,213,635,518 | 1.943 |
| 2006 | 1,978,181,374,738 | 1.978 |
| 2007 | 2,007,108,163,772 | 2.007 |
| 2008 | 1,986,572,667,176 | 1.987 |
| 2009 | 1,881,181,927,615 | 1.881 |
| 2010 | 1,909,947,188,309 | 1.910 |
| 2011 | 1,923,230,167,273 | 1.923 |
| 2012 | 1,863,124,632,394 | 1.863 |
| 2013 | 1,829,252,558,793 | 1.829 |
| 2014 | 1,829,227,175,768 | 1.829 |
| 2015 | 1,845,428,048,839 | 1.845 |
| 2016 | 1,868,241,619,490 | 1.868 |
| 2017 | 1,898,202,609,462 | 1.898 |
| 2018 | 1,913,894,038,927 | 1.914 |
| 2019 | 1,922,107,755,078 | 1.922 |
| 2020 | 1,751,650,987,235 | 1.752 |
| 2021 | 1,908,092,024,821 | 1.908 |
| 2022 | 2,000,084,512,920 | 2.000 |
| 2023 | 2,018,541,223,675 | 2.019 |
| 2024 | 2,034,347,191,418 | 2.034 |
| 2025 | 2,045,324,195,978 | 2.045 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.915Very High human developmentRank 29 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
19900.787
20000.849
20100.887
20200.899
20230.915
83.7 yearsLife expectancy at birth
10.8 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
Parliamentary republic. Parliament (Il Parlamento) has two chambers (a bicameral legislature).
Knowledge check
Three questions about Italy.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
Which currency is listed for Italy?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.