01
Physical geography
Mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast.
Local timeLuxembourg ·
Europe / Western Europe · Card 031
Luxembourg
Luxembourg is a country in Western Europe. Its capital is Luxembourg.
Find Luxembourg
● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.
At a glance
- Capital
- Luxembourg
- Languages
- German & French & Luxembourgish
- Currency
- Euro (EUR)
- Population
- 686,9702025 · World Bank
- Area
- 2,586 km²998.46 square miles
- Modern borders
- 1839Personal union with the Netherlands ended in 1890.
Luxembourg in context
Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Luxembourg; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapGeography & languages
02
Languages
Languages used in public life include German, French, Luxembourgish.
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Location
Western Europe, between France and Germany.
Flag
Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue
History & status
Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815. The 1839 settlement divided the territory and established the basis of its modern borders. Its personal union with the Netherlands ended in 1890, and it later became a founding participant in European integration.
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A treaty establishes the basis of modern Luxembourg
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The personal union with the Netherlands ends
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Luxembourg signs the Treaty of Rome
Economy
Main activities
Financial services, business services and international institutions are central to the economy. Steel has historical importance, while logistics and technology also contribute. Many workers commute across neighboring borders.
Industry and production
banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Population & economic trends
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population, 1970–2025
Thousands of people687.02025 · thousands of people
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
View data table
| Year | People | Thousands of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 339,171 | 339.171 |
| 1980 | 364,150 | 364.150 |
| 1990 | 381,850 | 381.850 |
| 2000 | 436,300 | 436.300 |
| 2010 | 506,953 | 506.953 |
| 2020 | 630,419 | 630.419 |
| 2025 | 686,970 | 686.970 |
Real GDP, 1990–2025
Billions of constant 2015 US dollars71.02025 · billions of constant 2015 US dollars
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
View data table
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 25,213,802,874 | 25.214 |
| 1991 | 27,393,332,165 | 27.393 |
| 1992 | 27,891,796,250 | 27.892 |
| 1993 | 29,063,431,793 | 29.063 |
| 1994 | 30,173,922,687 | 30.174 |
| 1995 | 30,606,073,681 | 30.606 |
| 1996 | 31,033,969,944 | 31.034 |
| 1997 | 32,715,926,226 | 32.716 |
| 1998 | 34,899,450,950 | 34.899 |
| 1999 | 37,752,878,141 | 37.753 |
| 2000 | 40,372,208,710 | 40.372 |
| 2001 | 41,613,361,510 | 41.613 |
| 2002 | 42,955,512,461 | 42.956 |
| 2003 | 44,080,624,813 | 44.081 |
| 2004 | 45,945,534,515 | 45.946 |
| 2005 | 47,086,134,704 | 47.086 |
| 2006 | 49,919,131,985 | 49.919 |
| 2007 | 53,961,843,362 | 53.962 |
| 2008 | 53,798,731,288 | 53.799 |
| 2009 | 52,056,215,835 | 52.056 |
| 2010 | 54,013,740,787 | 54.014 |
| 2011 | 54,577,798,724 | 54.578 |
| 2012 | 55,478,174,860 | 55.478 |
| 2013 | 57,237,767,887 | 57.238 |
| 2014 | 58,739,165,126 | 58.739 |
| 2015 | 60,071,584,216 | 60.072 |
| 2016 | 63,062,062,098 | 63.062 |
| 2017 | 63,892,664,766 | 63.893 |
| 2018 | 64,922,166,578 | 64.922 |
| 2019 | 66,707,085,285 | 66.707 |
| 2020 | 66,366,844,707 | 66.367 |
| 2021 | 70,965,889,652 | 70.966 |
| 2022 | 70,187,101,063 | 70.187 |
| 2023 | 70,256,893,052 | 70.257 |
| 2024 | 70,508,844,110 | 70.509 |
| 2025 | 70,958,604,647 | 70.959 |
Human development
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
HDI · 20230.922Very High human developmentRank 25 of 193 · 2025 report
Human Development Index over time
19900.787
20000.861
20100.909
20200.916
20230.922
82.2 yearsLife expectancy at birth
12.6 yearsMean schooling, adults aged 25+
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Government
Constitutional monarchy. Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés) has one chamber (a unicameral legislature).
Knowledge check
Three questions about Luxembourg.
QUESTION 1 OF 3
Which currency is listed for Luxembourg?
Sources & notes
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.