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Europe / Western Europe · Card 034

Monaco

Monaco is a country in Western Europe. Its capital is Monaco.

Find Monaco

● Capital · Gold highlights this card’s area.
Map: Natural Earth. Boundaries show geographic context, not a position on sovereignty. Small islands may use enlarged markers.

At a glance

Capital: Monaco
Language guide: Languages spoken & official status
Currency: Euro (EUR)
Population: 38,3412025 · World Bank
Area: 2.08 km²0.80 square miles
Sovereignty treaty: 1861Agreement with France.

Monaco in context

Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Monaco; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.

Natural Earth · locator map

Geography & environment

Landscape

Monaco occupies a very small, steep coastal site beside the Mediterranean. Hills rise quickly behind the waterfront, leaving little natural level ground. Dense construction has adapted to these slopes and to limited space along the shore.

The Rock of Monaco forms a prominent headland, while harbour areas and reclaimed land have extended the usable coastline. Streets, buildings and transport routes are arranged across several levels. The surrounding mountains belong to the wider coastal landscape beyond the border.

Climate & seasons

Monaco has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Its coastal position moderates temperature extremes.

An urban coast

Monaco’s geography is predominantly urban. Gardens, planted spaces and the marine environment provide ecological variety within this setting. The mild Mediterranean climate includes dry summers and most rainfall during cooler months.

Flag

Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Monaco Ports · area and geography

Landscapes & nature

Languages

Public and official use

French is the official language and is used in administration and education.

Community and regional languages

Monégasque, a traditional Ligurian language variety, is taught and maintained as part of the principality’s heritage. Italian and English are also widely present in a population with extensive international connections.

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile

History & status

The Grimaldi family has long been associated with Monaco. An 1861 treaty with France confirmed its sovereignty while transferring Menton and Roquebrune to France. The 1962 constitution shaped the modern constitutional monarchy.

1861
A treaty with France confirms sovereignty
1962
A new constitution is adopted
1993
Monaco joins the United Nations

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Monaco Ports · area and geography

Economy

Main activities

Finance, business services, tourism and real estate are major activities. A very small territory and a large commuting workforce distinguish Monaco from larger economies. It uses the euro through a monetary agreement.

Industry and production

banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Monaco Ports · area and geography

Population & economic trends

Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.

Population, 1970–2025

Thousands of people

38.32025 · thousands of people

Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.

Sources: World Bank · Population

View data table

Population: source values and plotted units
Year	People	Thousands of people
1970	24,229	24.229
1980	27,122	27.122
1990	30,358	30.358
2000	32,455	32.455
2010	33,163	33.163
2020	38,050	38.050
2025	38,341	38.341

Real GDP, 1990–2024

Billions of constant 2015 US dollars

9.52024 · billions of constant 2015 US dollars

Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.

Sources: World Bank · Real GDP

View data table

Real GDP: source values and plotted units
Year	Constant 2015 US$	Billions of constant 2015 US dollars
1990	3,214,254,131	3.214
1991	3,246,882,960	3.247
1992	3,291,256,146	3.291
1993	3,261,176,707	3.261
1994	3,333,432,128	3.333
1995	3,404,005,987	3.404
1996	3,441,815,364	3.442
1997	3,518,817,353	3.519
1998	3,642,090,885	3.642
1999	3,762,299,515	3.762
2000	3,909,414,077	3.909
2001	3,994,941,646	3.995
2002	4,035,949,625	4.036
2003	4,079,842,052	4.080
2004	4,180,633,840	4.181
2005	4,259,874,164	4.260
2006	4,507,698,669	4.508
2007	5,158,498,315	5.158
2008	5,197,025,654	5.197
2009	4,607,839,553	4.608
2010	4,703,001,560	4.703
2011	5,033,263,117	5.033
2012	5,084,210,733	5.084
2013	5,571,130,594	5.571
2014	5,971,529,297	5.972
2015	6,264,753,586	6.265
2016	6,453,225,163	6.453
2017	6,246,322,940	6.246
2018	6,602,232,250	6.602
2019	7,072,369,914	7.072
2020	6,136,051,448	6.136
2021	7,500,231,634	7.500
2022	8,345,229,894	8.345
2023	8,799,540,111	8.800
2024	9,548,428,280	9.548

Government

A hereditary constitutional monarchy. The Prince is head of state, a Minister of State heads the government, and legislative authority is shared with the elected National Council.

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Monaco Ports · area and geography

Knowledge check

Three questions about Monaco.

QUESTION 1 OF 3

Which city is identified as the capital of Monaco?

Sources & notes

Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile · Monaco Ports · area and geography

Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.

Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.