Romania is a country in Southeast Europe. Its capital is Bucharest.
Europe and its surrounding regions. The dot marks Bucharest; the mapped territory is highlighted in gold.
Natural Earth · locator mapRomania includes the arc of the Carpathian Mountains, surrounding hills and broad plains. The Danube forms part of the southern boundary before spreading into a delta beside the Black Sea. Central basins and uplands add further variety.
Mountain forests and high grasslands contrast with the delta’s channels, reed beds and shallow lakes. The delta is a low, changing landscape built from river sediment. Agricultural plains connect these mountain and coastal regions.
The continental climate brings warm summers and cold winters. The Carpathians are cooler and snowier than the surrounding plains.
The Carpathians support extensive forest habitats, while the Danube Delta is important for fish and birds. Seasonal snow and rain influence river flow. Changes upstream can affect water and sediment reaching the lowlands and coast.
Three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red
_Danube_delta.jpg)
White pelicans illustrate the birdlife of Romania’s coastal wetlands.
Photo: Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons
A glacial lake sits among the high slopes of the Retezat Mountains.
Photo: Gugalcrom123 · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons
Romanian is the official language. It is a Romance language, related to Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
Hungarian and Romani are important minority languages, alongside German, Ukrainian, Turkish, Tatar and others. Local language rights depend on the legal framework and community presence rather than giving every minority language nationwide official status.
The union of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 laid the foundation of modern Romania. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared in 1877 and recognized in 1878. Communist rule ended with the 1989 revolution.
Services, manufacturing, information technology, agriculture and energy contribute to the economy. Vehicle production and other export industries are connected to European supply chains. Romania is an EU member and retains the leu.
electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
Dated World Bank observations. Population uses selected years; real GDP uses all available annual observations.
Population estimates may be revised. Selected years are shown.
Sources: World Bank · Population
| Year | People | Millions of people |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 20,250,398 | 20.250 |
| 1980 | 22,207,282 | 22.207 |
| 1990 | 23,201,835 | 23.202 |
| 2000 | 22,442,971 | 22.443 |
| 2010 | 20,246,871 | 20.247 |
| 2020 | 19,265,250 | 19.265 |
| 2025 | 19,020,271 | 19.020 |
Constant prices adjust for inflation. This is total economic output, not current-dollar GDP or income per person. Missing years are left as gaps.
Sources: World Bank · Real GDP
| Year | Constant 2015 US$ | Billions of constant 2015 US dollars |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 116,460,149,705 | 116.460 |
| 1991 | 101,415,582,149 | 101.416 |
| 1992 | 92,524,246,376 | 92.524 |
| 1993 | 93,938,788,973 | 93.939 |
| 1994 | 97,632,408,356 | 97.632 |
| 1995 | 103,718,335,743 | 103.718 |
| 1996 | 107,771,339,314 | 107.771 |
| 1997 | 102,545,439,457 | 102.545 |
| 1998 | 100,463,958,893 | 100.464 |
| 1999 | 100,085,550,636 | 100.086 |
| 2000 | 102,548,919,722 | 102.549 |
| 2001 | 107,900,062,083 | 107.900 |
| 2002 | 114,053,593,614 | 114.054 |
| 2003 | 116,723,756,275 | 116.724 |
| 2004 | 128,895,841,499 | 128.896 |
| 2005 | 134,912,890,211 | 134.913 |
| 2006 | 145,744,791,283 | 145.745 |
| 2007 | 156,287,689,281 | 156.288 |
| 2008 | 170,834,114,653 | 170.834 |
| 2009 | 161,409,698,529 | 161.410 |
| 2010 | 155,105,339,844 | 155.105 |
| 2011 | 162,078,238,595 | 162.078 |
| 2012 | 165,163,587,446 | 165.164 |
| 2013 | 165,624,017,080 | 165.624 |
| 2014 | 172,441,103,432 | 172.441 |
| 2015 | 177,885,131,240 | 177.885 |
| 2016 | 182,972,525,962 | 182.973 |
| 2017 | 197,967,999,561 | 197.968 |
| 2018 | 208,647,427,408 | 208.647 |
| 2019 | 216,910,469,745 | 216.910 |
| 2020 | 209,105,975,818 | 209.106 |
| 2021 | 220,789,460,074 | 220.789 |
| 2022 | 230,035,489,109 | 230.035 |
| 2023 | 235,229,078,940 | 235.229 |
| 2024 | 237,383,786,158 | 237.384 |
| 2025 | 238,992,844,284 | 238.993 |
The Human Development Index combines health, education and income. Scores range from 0 to 1.
The latest values refer to 2023. All historical scores use the same report edition. HDI does not describe every aspect of inequality or quality of life.
Sources: UNDP · Human Development Report 2025
Semi-presidential republic. Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României) has two chambers (a bicameral legislature).
Three questions about Romania.
Sources: CIA World Factbook · archived profile
Prepared 24 September 2026. World Bank series: SP.POP.TOTL (persons) and NY.GDP.MKTP.KD (constant 2015 US dollars); downloaded 24 September 2026, provider update 13 July 2026. UNDP values use the 2025 report and 2023 observation year. These are dated statistical snapshots, not live population or economic counters.
Maps use Natural Earth geographic data. Background geography, flag descriptions and selected historical facts use archived public-domain CIA World Factbook profiles, supplemented by the sources linked above. The Factbook is no longer updated; dated statistics here come from the separately named providers.
